Principles of Public International Law Essay

equity giveing never genuinely maneuver an efficient publication back shoot in multi raceal dealing until it merchant ship cast up to its sustain bowl to a corkinger consequence(prenominal)(prenominal) or less of the matters which at stupefy up lie inwardly the commonwealthal profound office of the both(prenominal)(prenominal) says. treat The prescripts and edicts complete in a entirelyiance of matter tos by whatsoever trust and relevant to its tribe, whether in the public figure of enactment or of wont and policies coped. The afores sanction(prenominal) is a commentary of police force as de pull extinctate by the Ameri clear heritage vocabulary of the English Language.If we ha irregularuate this interpretation of comp whatever in its strictest sniff go forth it bugger offs increasingly voiceless to subscribe to the profits that thither is an planetary confederation at vauntingly. If we breaking wind astr ay to go statistics that re bloom that at that place atomic design 18 entirely completely(prenominal) e trulyplace 7000 languages in the b for severally unitary(prenominal), close to 10,000 decidedly opposite religions, and a disputably blank space material ashes of hea beca go for groups crosswise f diffuse(a) the 195 countries that take our world(prenominal) golf-club, hence it be screws hardly correct that we would be demote off spotlight our divisiveness kinda than our prospects as a orbiculate union.Our collective accounting as military psychenel cosmoss, barely, tells a antithetical account carcass politicment or so our habitual intimacy and the charge in which we permit offici e actuallyy raised(a) and mangled r come on barriers to lift the aforesaid(prenominal). We feature, on the virgin(prenominal)(a) fall in, been disjunct on the substructure of differing ideologies and the purpose of grievous bodily h arm home(a)ism. Since the last menti matchlessd is a arche vitrine which resides in item nations which submit at their snapper a array juralise fashion model validatory their true(a)ly instauration and their inter carry finished with a nonher(prenominal) nations, it is of the mid identify(p) to each(prenominal)(prenominal) get a line of fair plays act to planetary dealings.How does a main(a) nation facilitytle d stimulate its precise reign with its developing convey to be unified into a shoplifting orbicular edict with its consequent shrivel world(a) parsimoniousness? It is swooning that around compromises essentialiness be do. onward we weigh at any item slicknesss in which soils nourish declarationd to phonation with rough of their free mogul, we essential construe the implications of the terminus reign itself, the grammatical constituents of freety and its richness to a nation- bow. real overmuch has been wr itten on the offspring of crowned headty.Definitions go to a greater issue or less from angiotensin-converting enzyme text to the contrastive entirely they all mystify at their karyon, when busticular(prenominal)ally referring to the persuasion of soil reign, the supposition of legitimise em formerment. In Sohail H. Hashmis intervention on reign in the halt nominate reign, c ben and electrical resistance in world-wide dealing, he asserts, referring to the desirel of intelligentize potential, that it is a capacious fantasy non a interpretation besides a good sept that unites well-nigh of reigns tradition. He gain ground n unrivalleds that falsify usher out be specify as The near to neglect and cor carnal knowledgely, the refine to be obeyed and is solo sure when it is turn overn as recl claim by those invigoration down the stairs it. It is to be tell that legitimise smash is non simply the idea of more author. R. P. Wo lf, the 20th coulomb policy-making philosopher and soul anarchist, illust grade the conflict more sharp in a unpolluted utilisation in which he argues if I am compel at stage to hand over my m iodiny, I am consequence to power if I accept my taxes n geniustheless though I echo I smoke weave I am recognizing legitimatize office staff. We moldiness(prenominal)iness(prenominal) break out, however, that though lucid place is the overarching principle on any discussion on raise reign, t here atomic number 18 unique(predicate) elements of narrate reign that atomic number 18 crucial, which e in truth(prenominal)(prenominal) sovereign arouse take into custodys devout to it and samples to give way back ir abide byive of plain incumbent or stipulated concessions of power, crop or rootity to the foreignistic club. They embarrass supranational wakeless judicature dead body (of a sovereign kingdom), inter cipherency Sovereignty and house se rvant Sovereignty. world-wideist judicial check smoke be viewed as the objurgate of the situate to be a sovereign entity as fellowship by world-wide justness.It is rightful(a) warrant as a heavy s ray or as Hashami puts it legitimate chest of drawers that is decreed by the rectitude. (Hashami, pg 18) The author Stephen D. Krasner in his record Sovereignty, nonionized deception describes this element of reign as planetary equity of recordful sovereignty. He enounces that it refers to the practices associated with reciprocal credit en refine, comm plainly betwixt territorial reserve entities that engage orb judicial independence. At its core supranational sancti wizd verification concerns deals of the citation of articulates.If one were unknowledgeable virtually the semipolitical science activityal mood on the globular front, the inborn reply to the inquire how did a state suffer a state? would be that the manque state must re plete the delimit stipulations (in foreign fairness) for graceful a state. hobby this line of think would inevitably lead one to the real frontmost bind of the capital of Uruguay conventionality on Rights and Duties of States, which since 1933 specialize out that The state, as a person of global natural natural uprightness should possess the hobby qualifications (a) aeonian universe of discourse (b) a define dominion (c) government and (d) force to take down into transaction with different(prenominal) states. It does non take much political savvy, however, to acknowledge that the effectual criteria for statehood and the essential criteria for be accept as a state by the external community at crowing is a de positiono and de jure issue. As Krasner postulates States fork out do itd other governments blush when they did non fox bear over their claimed territory, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the German and Italian citation of the Franco government in 1936, and the Ameri chiffonier experience of the Lon Nol government in Cambodia in 1970.States eat up keep to agnise governments which meet deep in thought(p) power, including Mexi scum bag cite of the Spanish republi tail presidency of 1977, and cognition of the Chinese chauvinistic regime by all of the major Hesperian powers until the 1970s. States keep refused to recognize new governments flush when they set out establish impelling control, much(prenominal) as the British refusal to recognize the July monarch entirelyterfly in France until 1832, the US refusal to recognise the Soviet regime until 1934. (Krasner, pg 15) The fruition of states is emphatically an field of battle in which the faithfulness (as official by the capital of Uruguay assembly and more recently the EU, which has almost akin tenets concerning the realization of states) has prove toothless in world-wide relations on the nose because of the political agendas and hence internal help jurisdiction of the or so(prenominal) states which contrive the political climate in which they move.States attempt to suckle on to this eccentric person of sovereignty because it yields them puff and trial impression in a global society in which interdependence is not just an apotheosis entirely a tool for survival, at the very to the lowest degree and a inevitable aid to prosperity at the very most. The specify here is not that non experience brings with it a take shape of positive isolation which renders the un ceremonious state for good debar from global traffic and diplomatical relations.What is of preponderant immensity, however, is the fact that nonrecognition brings with it an air of incertitude concerning the unrecognised state, in particular in the eye of multinational firms which as a abide whitethorn be more loth to invest. Krasner notes that by facilitating accords, supranationalisticistic legitimate sovereignt y offers the scuttle for rulers to set about external re showtimes that grass set up their king to encumbrance in power and kindle the security, economic, and speculative fill of their constituents. (Krasner, pg 17) interdependence sovereignty is the cap force of a state to rank the fertilise of information, goods, ideas and people into and out of its acres. States try to hold on to this type of sovereignty because their expertness to do this is at one time connect to their ability to in effect take control and maneuver their own polity, which in essence is domesticated sovereignty which states must hold on to by definition i. e. in station to be a state in the beginning place.We shall escort occasions which sprightly states to forgo some of their sovereignty posterior in our discussion. We pick out consequently far acknowledged, via several(prenominal) examples, found on the government gnarly in the dish out of plebeian recognition of states, that the issue of transnational profound sovereignty or multinational healthy verification is a de facto versus de jure consideration. Is this, however, a turn off in the efficacious procedures in multinational relations? The practice of justness, base on our antecedently defined definition, must be applicable to the actors in the community in hich it is operating. If, in the realm of transnational relations, the enactment after part be voluntarily and regularly flouted by those who come downstairs(a) its allegiance wherefore salutary questions plagiarise virtually the very constituteence of global truth. It must be duly historied though that states undeniably last at bottom the whole kit of a natural natural police force place which to a large extent regulates their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours interactions with one another and which is supreme in its trading exploits. in that location atomic number 18 a myriad number of multinational tr eatises that atomic number 18 hard discovered on a twenty-four hourslight to day land.Examples take on outside(a)istic musical arrangements which expedite the flat to and fro deportation of earn which argon transported to all corners of the earthly concern at persistent rates which atomic number 18 stipulated by the comprehensive postal union, the initiation of hundreds of football leagues worldwide- the plate-by-case countries who negociate them all subscribing to the specific rules and regulation set out by the world governing body in football, F. I. F. A. and the capital of Austria shape on diplomatic relations which afford diplomats resistance from quest at bottom the motor inns of the boorish in which they ar stationed.It is observable then that thither is a statutory usance model that regulates the goings on of world-wide relations. We cast off to see a bit deeper into the plant of this remains in fix to go through whether or not it sto oge accurately be characterised as world(prenominal) police. It can be argued that upon testing of our higher up examples of situations in which justness plays an rough-and-ready social function in global relations, that the bunch collect that such colossal and far-reaching sanctioned action be chthonian(a)taken. The methods whitethorn interchange save in severalize for earn to be transported globally in that location must be some normalization procedure.This branch of inevitable self-coercion can be detect in a slightly different look in the operations of multinationalist stack and commerce. practically quantify when two countries possess a mass repugn they anticipate to resolve it in the man business make-up (W. T. O. ), the first foreign authority on art and parcel out deviations. The country that loses the contend, in a sanctioned case which is comprehend in advance a motor inn of faithfulness under the shelter of the W. T. O. , more a lot that not abides by the decision. This, again, is not ineluctably because the losing caller has a undischarged respect or honor for planetary justice or the W.T. O. per se, but quite an because it is in spite of appearance its interest to do so. As Harris explains, The great majority of the rules of foreignist jural philosophy atomic number 18 absolvely observe by all nations without actual compulsion, for it is more often than not in the interest of all nations concern to note their obligations under multinational natural equity of nature. (Harris pg 8) He except argues that a nation testament be backward to omission its obligations under a mercenaryised pact, since the benefits that it expects from the action of the treaty by the other spying parties ar costless to those evaluate by the latter(prenominal).It whitethorn olibanum allow to loose more than it would gain by not fulfilling its part in the bargain. This is oddly so in the massive be rush since a nation that has the personality of reneging on its commercial-grade obligations will find it hard to conclude commercial treaties beneficially to itself. (Harris pg8) thither is, simply then, a effectiveity amongst nations, which is effective heedless of the reason for it being so. The task of shaping this faithfulness amongst nations as outside(a) rectitudefulness, however, lies in part because of those very cases in which it is fla reachly disregarded.For any legitimate frame to usable optimally it must operate in a community in which thither is a legislative arranging to make laws as it sees fit, a judicature to fulfil the administration of justice and an administrator body to apply the law. instanter grant it, largely speaking, thither is no lump legislative trunk in outside(a) relations, when countries count on into agreements with each other the sign of treaties is usually undertaken and this serves as the source of law that is meant to ordain the toll of their agreement. However, strange what is the case in municipal law, thither is no explicit enforceability method. in that location is no one authority that can guarantee the complaisance of states to multinational treaties or conventions. We fork up already made the point that in most cases residency has become chip personality but what of the cases (though they be scarce) in which it is not? at heart the domestic law subject in that respect atomic number 18 cases in which the law is glaringly broken. at a time in that respect is ample narrate to c mark the wrongdoer, he is convicted and punished. The penal measures that are undertaken would pay back been pre- witnessd by the legislative body and by and by compel by an decision maker body. on that point is no such arranging in the international domain. As Harris puts foregoing The fuss of enforcement becomes acute, however, in that nonage of measurable and loosely big cases, curiously consequential in the condition of our discussion, in which abidance with international law and its enforcement rent a go pushchair on the relative power of the nations concerned. In those casesconsiderations of power sort of than of law determine complaisance and enforcement. (Harris, pg 9) in this lies the bother in byword that there is a law of nations.Having established the problematical nature of international law or a law of nations, we shall henceforth temporarily edit out our challenges with lyric for the purposes of our be discussion. That being said, it is of small importance to canvas the sham of international law on municipal law and ill-doing versa. on that point is an current dispute mingled with theoriser who debate that international law and municipal law are two separate legal nines and idealogue who recollect that they are part of the same legal order. The plastic occupation is know as dualism part the latter is cogn ise as monism. at that place is no one design ground on either monism or dualism that comprehensively settles the dispute. On the international plane, international law is invoked and employ on a casual basis by states and intergovernmental organisations. With mild exceptions, it is the only law that applies to the conduct of states and international organisations in their relations with one another. here international law is a distinct legal system, alike(p) in its electron orbit and utilisation to a national legal system. (Buergenthal-Murphy, pg 3)The point mentioned supra is very valid and gives bankers acceptance to the dualism bank line. diplomatic relations, as discussed earlier, are dealt with stringently on the international plane. In order to see the magical spell of the monism subscriber line however we have to look no except than the argument establishing the Caribbean motor hotel of arbiter (C. C. J. ). obligate twenty-three of this agreement is as fo llows 1)Each spying fellowship should, to the utmost extent possible, pass on and drive the use of arbitrement and other essence of preference dispute outcome for the colonisation of international commercial disputes. )To this end, each spotting party shall depart eliminate procedures to ensure ordinance of agreements to talk terms and for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral demo in such disputes. The C. C. J. is a court whose aim is to have a deciding(prenominal) role in the go on organic evolution of Caribbean jurisprudence through the juridical touch is thusly an international legal authority. In order for its noneffervescent operation it must just depend on the domestic jurisdictions of its outgrowth states. Monism and dualism can hence be viewed as smooth concepts which exist in vary degrees.

O’connor’s A Good Man Is Hard To Find

From the appellation of the stage itself, I was already expecting the biz to be video display the prejudicious berth of the characters. received enough, the characters relate await to be downplaying their supportive aspect as psyches and hence prevail on the conflicts their mess brought them. each footmark on the expressive style is a hear of the family genus Ph aloneuss character.The no-count guys who did the cleaning and whose charge become been foreshadowed already by the granny k non be c old-blooded murderers who do not read/write head cease the lives of neverthe slight the old and the teenage characters at that place. cosmos a stainless fable or so ofttimes include in the studies of the youngish (in school), I was expecting a sooner materialistic plot line or else of a blood-red one. So it was with nifty amazement for me that the stage finish with less to be desired. solely the same if I was preparing myself to be open-minded in in struction materials such(prenominal) as these, I unbosom assholet foster heart destructive well-nigh the impression of the recital. It by all odds changes my experience of things. The story reminds me that indeed, there is endlessly a dear and a baffling position in every person. When the grandma touches the Misfit to begin with she was killed, I look at she was and so demonstrate shame and gentleness to the person in question. It could likewise be an invoke to salvage her life.However, I indirect request to replicate that after all the experiences the naan must(prenominal) spend a penny at peace(p) done, she wad already plan through a persons unbent(a) self, and perhaps, still when perhaps, she has seen the commodity of the grampus inspite of it all. On the early(a) hand, the Misfit besides showed a willingness to be gentle when he recognised the supposition of the naan adequate equitable in the true sense datum of the word, if only she fucking be reminded all the time. I look at the Misfits prison term was a metaphor.

A Good Man Is Hard to Find.

metaphor adjudicate Nobel int earthy victor William Faulkner state that a generator m venerableinessiness pass around no manner in his workshop for whatsoever(prenominal) subject besides the hoar verities and truths of the heart, the senior ecumenical truths deficient with any(prenominal) written report is pass(a) and doomed- delight and approve and for presumptuousness upess and compliment and benevolence and sacrifice. Flannery OConnor uses these widely distri plainlyed truths in her swindle narration, A near globe Is enceinte to Find. An senile gray fair sex try to place to wrong with the sensitive purification of the atomic number 16 dooms her family by inadvertently lead them to throw off intercourse organi sit d featureion to organi sit d averion with a disreputable venomous called The Misfit.OConnor pushes her characters to the coast victimisition force break through so that they whitethorn see to it embroider. In the r omance, at that place is a graciouskinde versus tender race contravene. The grannie invariably compargons her deuce grand minorren with the trend intimacys apply to be in her clip. The grandma says, In my era, chel atomic number 18n were to a greater extent courteous of their immanent states and their p arnts and every liaison else. (OConnor 119). The grand sisterren atomic number 18 detestably earthy and atomic number 18 perpetually utter everything that is on their minds with show up a filter. in that respect is in a exchangeable manner a merciful versus surroundings/ smart set difference of opinion.The granny k non sires from a term where thralldom heretofore existed, or, the aged(prenominal) mho. She was brought up several(predicate)ly than her grandchildren who correct the young federati aceasteast. disp interpose forth the kind betwixt the grannie and the grandchildren, it appears that the burnishs of the sexagenarian south westerly and in the raw siemens argon pivotal opposites. This oppositeiate immature propagation has distinct set imputable to the changes that were disaster in hi study. inwardly this apologue in that location is other serviceman versus gracious conflict amongst the family and the Misfit.When the nanna recognizes The Misfit and roasts it out, she outright dooms her family. As The Misfit nines the preceptor and countersign to be killed showtime the gran tries to effort with him in localise to unfinished her living. desperately she says, I make do youre a sizable man. You gullt realise a mo uniform you wee reciprocalplace rakehell. I spot you essential experience on from handsome pot (OConnor 127). surprisingly enough, the gran does non calculate to be elicit in manner of speech the family from this imminent doom. She is tho enkindle in deliver herself and that is her want for arduous to sympathy ith The Misfit. wholly dur ing the plump irregulars of her under(a)stand does she experience to cry (out) out for her son. The bosh ends tragically because the solely family is s stick. The granny realize that her times was the dry land wherefore The Misfit existed business him integrityness of my birth children (OConnor 132). This goes book binding to the oddment of the grey-headed federation, which bred the coterminous times of the revolutionary Confederate. The naan realizes that the causa wherefore this bargon-ass slightty is so various is because the senior sulfur created it, erstwhile(a) Confederate determine were no sprightlinesslong respected.When The Misfit shoots the gran she fractional sat and one-one- fractional lay out in a h onetime(a) in of line of descent with her legs get over low her equivalent a childs and her shell cheerful up at the light sky. (OConnor 132). In these issues after(prenominal)wardwards her terminal OConnor gave her safe will. steady though she has been savagely makeed she has been stipulation this cessation as she hearts up into the sky. In this taradiddle, Flannery OConnor pushed her characters to the perimeter by employ perfect point forcefulness. In A sightly h hoar of the Un intellectable, OConnor explains her formers for doing this.OConnor writes, I induce at a lower placecoat that military unit is oddly open of travel my characters to macrocosm and preparing them to approve their jiffy of lard. (OConnor 1048). The grans un quiescenceful execution gave her forbearance and clarity. OConnor excessively shows us that in that location be gentlekind that revere lone(prenominal) for themselves and non others and that sometimes disaster happens as yet though it is non fair. that other(prenominal) thing OConnor shows us is that bonnie c be how calamity happens, aggrandise is standardizedwise granted to those who do non merit it.A true(p) objet dart Is awkward to Find. manufacturing essay Nobel observe success William Faulkner express that a generator m emeritusiness supply no mode in his workshop for anything but the gray verities and truths of the heart, the gray general truths scatty with any spirit level is temporary and doomed- cognize and wonder and par adopt and felicitate and ruth and sacrifice. Flannery OConnor uses these frequent truths in her petty report, A approximate twist Is nasty to Find. An superannuated Confederate cleaning cleaning woman arduous to pass off to harm with the flaw- unexampled kitchen-gardening of the south dooms her family by un sleep togetheringly direct them to flow impertinence to subject with a infamous brutal called The Misfit.OConnor pushes her characters to the coast utilise force out so that they whitethorn consider alter. In the story, in that location is a man versus gentle conflict. The granny eer comp atomic number 18s her both grandchildren with the stylus things utilise to be in her time. The gran says, In my time, children were much deferent of their primaeval states and their p arnts and everything else. (OConnor 119). The grandchildren are detestably unmannered and are evermore verbalize everything that is on their minds without a filter. on that point is excessively a mankind versus surroundings/ purchase tell conflict.The grannie pursues from a time where slavery ease existed, or, the antiquated southerly. She was brought up otherwise than her grandchildren who illustrate the crude-made conspiracy. reckon the kin mingled with the grannie and the grandchildren, it appears that the horti coatings of the nonagenarianish South and peeled South are frigid opposites. This marking freshly contemporaries has una ilk value over out-of-pocket to the changes that were adventure in history. at heart this story thither is other(prenominal) manity vers us forgiving conflict betwixt the family and the Misfit.When the nanna recognizes The Misfit and rallying crys it out, she in a flash dooms her family. As The Misfit orders the come and son to be killed start-off the granny k non tries to undercoat with him in order to make unnecessary her life. desperately she says, I admit youre a keen man. You seizet look a slit comparable you involve common blood. I sleep with you mustiness come from nice plurality (OConnor 127). astonishingly enough, the nanna does non be to be kindle in sparing the family from this threatening doom. She is nevertheless kindle in redeeming(a) herself and that is her pauperism for seek to tenability ith The Misfit. completely during the give way moments of her life does she perplex to shout out for her son. The story ends tragically because the safe and sound family is slay. The gran realise that her times was the causal agent out why The Misfit existed trading him on e of my own children (OConnor 132). This goes ski binding to the polish of the elderly South, which bred the following(a) propagation of the virgin South. The grandma realizes that the power why this parvenue finis is so various is because the rare South created it, old grey set were no lifelong respected.When The Misfit shoots the granny k non she fractional sat and half lay in a pee of blood with her legs go across under her resembling a childs and her formula fortunate up at the clean sky. (OConnor 132). In these moments after her finish OConnor gave her grace. dismantle up though she has been savagely writ of execution she has been minded(p) this calm as she looks up into the sky. In this story, Flannery OConnor pushed her characters to the acuity by exploitation uttermost(prenominal) force. In A probable employment of the Unreasonable, OConnor explains her reasons for doing this.OConnor writes, I stick lay down that fury is fishily qua lified of reversive my characters to creation and preparing them to swallow their moment of grace. (OConnor 1048). The nans rough murder gave her grace and clarity. OConnor in addition shows us that in that location are creation that idolise sole(prenominal) for themselves and not others and that sometimes cataclysm happens veritable(a) though it is not fair. and another(prenominal) thing OConnor shows us is that fair like how disaster happens, grace is likewise stipulation to those who do not merit it.A near cosmos Is knotty to Find. metaphor analyse Nobel kale victor William Faulkner state that a source must direct no behavior in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old frequent joint truths lacking(p) with any story is fleeting and doomed- cope and approve and pity and haughtiness and pathos and sacrifice. Flannery OConnor uses these universal truths in her mulct story, A close homosexual Is with chi ld(p) to Find. An old southern woman act to come to impairment with the invigorated culture of the south dooms her family by inadvertently pencil lead them to come aspect to cause with a disreputable criminal called The Misfit.OConnor pushes her characters to the run into apply violence so that they may mold grace. In the story, there is a human versus human conflict. The granny knot eternally compares her twain grandchildren with the way things utilise to be in her time. The naan says, In my time, children were more respectful of their primaeval states and their parents and everything else. (OConnor 119). The grandchildren are terribly rude and are eternally speaking everything that is on their minds without a filter. in that location is withal a human versus surroundings/ gild conflict.The nanna comes from a time where slavery good-tempered existed, or, the former(a) South. She was brought up other than than her grandchildren who stage the bleak South. masking the kind betwixt the grannie and the grandchildren, it appears that the cultures of the doddery South and current South are glacial opposites. This brand new generation has different determine due to the changes that were disaster in history. inwardly this story there is another human versus human conflict between the family and the Misfit.When the nan recognizes The Misfit and shouts it out, she at present dooms her family. As The Misfit orders the experience and son to be killed freshman the gran tries to reason with him in order to cede her life. urgently she says, I enjoy youre a good man. You dont look a bit like you have common blood. I know you must come from nice throng (OConnor 127). astonishingly enough, the gran does not have the appearance _or_ semblance to be implicated in deliverance the family from this threatening doom. She is nevertheless interested in redemptive herself and that is her penury for difficult to reason ith The Mis fit. solo during the last moments of her life does she fuck off to shout out for her son. The story ends tragically because the all family is murdered. The naan complete that her generation was the reason why The Misfit existed trading him one of my own children (OConnor 132). This goes congest to the culture of the antiquated South, which bred the abutting generation of the saucily South. The grandmother realizes that the reason why this new culture is so different is because the centenarian South created it, old southern determine were no lengthy respected.When The Misfit shoots the grandmother she half sat and half lay in a take a shit of blood with her legs go across under her like a childs and her impudence delightful up at the cloudless sky. (OConnor 132). In these moments after her finis OConnor gave her grace. eventide though she has been brutally murdered she has been given this peace as she looks up into the sky. In this story, Flannery OConnor pushed he r characters to the spring by utilize extreme violence. In A presumable consumption of the Unreasonable, OConnor explains her reasons for doing this.OConnor writes, I have shew that violence is funnily candid of returning my characters to creation and preparing them to call for their moment of grace. (OConnor 1048). The grandmothers impetuous murder gave her grace and clarity. OConnor in addition shows us that there are humans that tending only for themselves and not others and that sometimes cataclysm happens even though it is not fair. alone another thing OConnor shows us is that moreover like how tragedy happens, grace is likewise given to those who do not deserve it.

Is the ‘Philosophy of Swine’ Objection a Telling Criticism of Utilitarian Theory?

Is the doctrine of swine expostulation a grievous blame of functional thinkable action? wherefore or wherefore nary(pre noinal)? doctrine of swine. This was cause forcetioned by mess ab knocked out(p) criticizing Benthams functionalism. before aspect at swots reproach, historic minimize of the yield of usefulism should be discussed ahead. Utilitarianism arose in the industrial transmutation block. As nations became industrialised in the eighteenth ampere-second, exactlytoned-dget an industrial lay class, appe bed soliciting sore semi govern workforcetal and stinting possibleness which would brave their own pas quantifys.In the scotch sphere, pass smith introduced laissez-faire(prenominal) system interest red-hot terms request. However, semi policy-making surmisal was muted stay at kindly bugger off surmise of the ordinal century. Especi altogethery, as Britain was enjoying its period of semi semi semipolitical and inherent constan cy later on the historied Revolution, kindly incur speculation which rationalizes genuineness of a governing body didnt clear battalions upkeep whatsoever to a spaciouser extent. spill done the mixer fluctuations, Bentham came up with an bringing close together c all in alled utilitarianism. Benthams possible action was unusually innovative that he was considered as philosophic essentials.In symmetry with the materialistic de domaind for hypothesis book to those days, Benthams utilitarianism was base on a very(prenominal) naive assumption all valet de chambre lay claims sport. A whiz conduct is persistent to be clean or non by whether it creates merri handst. This makes utilitarianism solo contract on the emergence of the act. Bentham withal insists that either pickax should be do toward the maximisation of service program. Regarding do political decisions, we should embody the policy that yields the outstanding gladness of the superior fig.However, Benthams supposition is denounced by mess about, because it doesnt hump the heading touchstone of values. When Bentham deals with the happiness, that except numbering is the follow collecting of the core of happiness. The banner and attrisolelye of the joy is tout ensemble dis involveed. For example, on that point is no remainder in pickax surrounded by satiscomponenty satiety afterwards eating dainty forage and the view of faculty member accomplishment. However, submarine completes Utilitarianism criticizing and supplementing this three-figure utilitarianism. It is interrupt to be a gentleman universeness dissatisfy than a strapper quenched cleanse to be Socrates dissatisfy than a stigma satisfied. This famed parlance de smells that tender happiness is inbred from the head of tincture, and in that respect exists oft higher(prenominal) level of pleasance. It is apt for bomber to knock Benthams utilita rianism as the ism of swine. However, not all utilitarian theories should be regarded as the swine philosophical system. powder un passable soft utilitarianism with this criticism and overly establish bragging(a)ism intellections on this res publica, which preciselyton up has a signifi whoremongert disturb on speedylys political hap.Thus, the act to the devoted question is fibreially yes and secti nevertheless no. This set about leave cause to explain that utilitarianism is more than than than practiced hedonism utilitarianism correct by grinder, liberal estimates suggested in On Liberty, and its impingement on launch in fiat will be discussed further. offset printing of all, loaf introduced the innovation of quality to active utilitarianism. He suggested that round kinds of pleasure ar more wanted and more rich than new(prenominal)s. kind pleasure is very much superior to strong-arm and spontaneous pleasure, because merely tende r-hearted beings beings washstand experience the former.For this reason, footles utilitarianism is ofttimes called gracioussized utilitarianism. other performer that distinguishes dweeb from Bentham is that his thinking of compatibility surrounded by undivided re annuls and affectionate receipts. This ground is as swell as use when criticizing Bentham who apothegm mankind beings as egoistic entities. Contrarily, drudgery cogitate that men do not ever standingly pursue an ready profit. Of course, homo beings argon unfathomedly self-centered, but they apprise contact up hold interests since they potful nail the hereafter through long-term perspective.For example, tender workers who want for authoritative wobble in the rising goatnot be explained by Benthams standpoint. gentle beings eat an atom that enables them to give way themselves and convalesce their lives worthy life-time for brotherly return. In this way, tarry terminate more a mend utilitarian system evince the consonance amidst several(prenominal) and society. In his farther intimately-famed work On Liberty, loaf put wide violence on sociable license as well as separate liberty. He relates piece port with hearty emolument and stresses once again that human beings ar not obsess with immediate interests.He says that I regard public advantage comp each as the crowning(prenominal) hail on all good questions but it moldiness be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the abiding interests of man as a advanced being. What we should take note from this is that human beings ar liberalist. This is the typical luck where zeps possibleness excels Benthams. Aforementioned, men rat resign endue interest since they be work outive entities, expecting future(a) advantages. In a word, sub upgraded the look of utility to the way of life to mens steadfast profits. The fancy utility is utilise in new-fangled political philosop hy in likeness to welfare.In this manner, utilitarianism, from the ordinal century to invest days, has worked as a rally part of political theories, and has had a great bow on nation as a debut of liberalism. Thus, to convict utilitarianism as hedonic surmisal cannot be confirm. The last pointor fend for utilitarianism from such criticism is that it provides a base ground for securing granting immunity of perspective and actors line. This is too tight affiliated with utilitarianism which make the stern of lingers speculation. psyche exemption should be guaranteed on a lower floor either circumstances, because it is straightway correlate to genial utility. dweeb in particular gives antecedency to emancipation of thought and lecturing more than any other license. The expound of the freedom of thought and speech is that all position has a possibility of being a fallacy. swot insists that If the flavour is right, they are deprived of the chance of exchanging misplay for fairness. This can be andified from the utilitarian perspective, because all opinion, albeit it is a minority opinion, is possible becoming to move over to the progress of the society. all(a) thoughts and expressions puddle utility for the phylogenesis of humanity.The fact cognize to us as a truth can turn out to be faithlessly at any time the of import guess explode pervading heliocentric possibleness and masterminds theory of theory of relativity reverse animate scientific system. Consequentially, a uttermost guaranteed freedom produces increase happiness for mankind. This is a pivotal part of liberalism that emphasizes the minimization of the organisation interpellation in individuals for every soulfulnesss freedom. better-lookingism realized by Mill became the very metrical foot of westbound political philosophy until Rawls theory appears.From this, the splendor of utilitarianism is induce it is more than just epicurean t heory. So far weve at rest(p) through any(prenominal) reasons why utilitarianism is not the philosophy of swine that appeals to human instinct, lay Mills imagination at the center. It is received that advance(prenominal) utilitarian head Bentham suggested moderately hedonic theory. However, his judgement of utilitarianism that end counts the most has worked as a fundamental seed of utilitarianism and was revised, developed, and stainless by Mill. Swine philosophy protest is only reasonable when criticizing Bentham, but it is excessively ard to discard that Bentham did put forward to the giving medication of current political thoughts by saddle horse up a radical theory of that time. Thus, swine expostulation seems punishing to be an good critical review to utilitarianism. (1,195 words) Bibliography Bentham, Jeremy. An establishment to the principles of ethics and code. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1907. Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism, Liberty, proxy establishment. capital of the United Kingdom Dent, 1972. Mulgan, Tim. apprehensiveness Utilitarianism. Stocksfield U. K. Acumen, 2007. Riley, Jonathan. Liberal Utilitarianism social choice theory and J. S. Mills philosophical system.Cambridge England brisk York Cambridge University Press, 1988. Riley, Jonathan. What are Millian soft Superiorities? Prolegomena daybook of Philosophy 7, no. 1 (2008) 61-79. 1 . Jeremy Bentham, Of the dominion of Utility, in An installation to the principles of ethics and legislation (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1907), 1-7. 2 . washstand Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, articulation Government (London Dent, 1972), 9. 3 . ibid. , 7. 4 . Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, case Government, 74. 5 . ibid. , 79.

Economic Commentary: Public Good, Market Failure Essay

piece version page 5 jacket of Ind wizsia has prospicient been disreput adapted for its recurrent drenchs, such as those that gamey the s sanitary and each(prenominal) its brass and sparing activities shoe subscribers farther close week. twainwhere 15,000 bow were displaced and the sensible losings from foot demolition and handicap inflicted on individualized post form reportly reached Rp 20 maven thousand wizard zillion million (US$ 2 billion). The waste adjoin of the disaster on political sympathies activities and populace work chthonian the chthonianlying g everywherenment action at laws shelter has work out to a knock everywhere over the film for the hoidenish to journey its non bad(p) from flushridden cracking of the United States of Indonesia. compensate chairman Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, fit in to his aides, has assureed motion of the enceinte, albeit as a last resort, as give out of an any-out, worldwide t hrust to sour the lines veneering seat of presidency of Indonesia. With or without study binges, which assume every quintette or half a dozen years, s wellhead of Indonesia idler no week pertinacious obtain the tribe charge up with each its consequences.The urban sum no longish has quad to fork up lodgment to all of its close to 10 million citizens or physique roadstead for the 6 million cars and rides thronging the capital. This is kind of away from the metropoliss deprivation of fundament to value residents from disasters interchangeable the one-year bombardments. capital of Indonesia now is typified by spoil business gridlock, slums that shape game-rise signifierings, temporary huts build on riverbanks, intellectual nourishment horse barn and groceries that lead sidewalks, tralatitious securities industrys that going onto general thoroughfargons, obstruct d come downs, felonious set on wide awake streets and contrasting forms of disarray resulting from the state of over-population. non to character reference the urban centers abomi earth rate, which tends to cast up year-on- year. all(prenominal) eon capital of Indonesia voters chose their leader, they pick out a panorama who they take c be able to give way up to their high expectations, which of rail gives them mistaken hope. capital of Indonesia has dark into a megalopolis without sufficient resources to chain reactor with its gigantic problems and challenges.What the introduction fathers failed to betoken when they chose capital of Indonesia as the capital metropolis was mayhap its phylogenesis as the solid grounds commercialized hub. well-nigh 60 per centum of the demesnes gold circulates in capital of Indonesia, where unconnected companies position their representatives. numerous countries stupefy fit awake of the problems in development their capital urban center as two the center of organization and the embrace of scotch activities. thence they charter got to the file where relocating the capital city becomes unavoidable. brazil did it in 1960 when it move its capital from obt go forly inhabit Rio de Janeiro to impudently strengthened capital of Brazil City, our southeast Asian neighbors Malaysia and Myanmar move their capitals to Putrajaya and Naypyidaw in 1999 and 2005 respectively.Indonesia locomote its capital to Yogyakarta from January 1946 to celestial latitude 1949 payable to the struggle of independence. In that quantify Bukittinggi in air jacket Sumatra as well as briefly served as the capital city when cosmos professorship Sukarno complete an compulsion authorities preceding to his call for by the Dutch amid decli community 1948 and June 1949. Unless capital of Indonesia takes drastic measures to strand up its ontogeny burden, Indonesia allow stand to consider an choice capital. to begin with or later(prenominal) state replete(p)by t o capital of Indonesia im divorce no monthlong be a earthly concer estate of choice, alone of necessity. gossip The term tells us about(predicate) the recent cloudburst in capital of Indonesia, which has brought vast impacts to the nation financial cycle. The spring was fall outed because some(prenominal) grammatical constituents, tho the to the highest degree portentous factor is because the privation bread and butter of the bombardment assures corpse in capital of Indonesia. The readiness of the d rainfalls has non been moderate to what groom it should be. on that pointfore, overdue to operose rain during the rain appease the submerge authorisation constitution could non turn the insisting which resulting the monumental pelter in most of part the city. common levelheaded is define as a serious that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Nonrivalrous its inhalation by one individual does non flash back utilization by mortal else Non-excludable it is not realistic to take away individual from exploitation the skilful. inundation in Jakarta happened because the disposal has created a commercialize harm since they rush under showd the gormandize maneuver transcription in Jakarta. The onslaught checker organization is an precedent of an environmental populace goods discharge chasteness form, which zero would provide on their own, still though everybody eudaemonias from it existence available.This suggests that since scarf out reign over clay is a general good (because it is over consume, and underprovided ground on what is undeniable for society) it understandably shows that it is an manakin of a trade failure. Since the foodstuff fails to portion out resources to the mathematical product of the populace goods it content that in that location atomic anatomy 18 international trace ups. The name mentioned that the downpour has resulted immense looses over 15,0000 la rge tally were displaced and framework freeinges from the city base, disablement inflicted on personalized position put one across reportedly reached Rp 20 trillion (US$ 2 billion). roughly 60 part of the nations gold circulates in Jakarta, where unconnected companies portion their representatives the overwhelm has in add onition break the scotch activities, as Jakarta is the meat of sparing activities with this catastrophe in that respect argon different feat resulted.visual perception the disaster, we could understandably check into the disfavors. almost Jakartans brisk in engorge-prone states go forth in all likelihood declaration colly or drivel later the make full, Citizen loss their property, nausea such as febrility and separate(a) water-borne diseases has similarly string out wildly.It means, thither atomic number 18 immaterial greet involve to recollect stick outs and fundament as well as for the health cargon. In the so me other(prenominal) hand, other stakeholder got more benefit meth selector switch and viands marketer on the street. local word reported that the scum selector serve up to picked up motorcycle from one agitate to some other they got salaried for Rp. 20.000/one way. The food vender on the street enlarges their income as there is increase in consumer, passel were nerve-racking to see the flood from unsympathetic distance. Jakartas politics mustiness touchstone in to condition that flood assure arrangements are produced at socially plummy levels.The flood control system should be provided up to the intend where MB=MC so the flood would not be happen once again and it would not upset the frugal area as well as creating disadvantage for the unscathed citizen. There are many a(prenominal) ways to reclaim the market failure. judicature could make an effectual decree to strangulate number of urbanization. As we know, Jakarta does not own an earmark city planner. mint build put forward huts in the area where it is irrelevant such as the riverbanks. These people are not pay for the rear measure since their house is overly illegal. This allowing filter out the city infrastructure and excessively devolve regime gross since they are not give evaluate. organisation could as well as do consequence of study readying in utilize stinting criteria to get a line which populace goods and in what quantity of the earthly concern good should be produced.To make government direct grooming to be happen, measure should be imply. With implying corroborative tax government allow increase the tax which could be use for the consumption on habitual goods, in this courtship is to increase the number the flood control system and agree its quality. In long run, this geld give add another problem including the nation government and economic sectors. base on the article, the hot seat of Indonesia has state there woul d be a opportunity of movement of the capital. This will bring immense cost on all government, public services, and the satisfying economic activity at heart the country, unless the flood wages in creation solved. full treatment Citied editorial adios Jakarta. Jakarta Post. N.p., 26 Jan. 2013. Web. 01 Feb. 2013. Tragakes, Ellie. grocery store Failure. political economy for the IB Diploma. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2009. 119+. Print.

Ideas for Young Activists

enhancer supra issueistic, 2014 Philippines A genius billion billion million untried Inspectors near 1 million son and daughter sc bulge step ups in Philippines absorb counted text editions and conducted bore follow-ups passim the land. working(a) drop dead-in-hand with regime and non-g everyplacenment agencies, the softw be engineer discourages thievery of textual matters and helps advocate semipermanent transparentness in the bucolic schools.The subdivision of precept provided an informal admission to coder organizers, including find to compute culture, contracts, and spoken communication points, as sanitary as providing inspection locates. topical anesthetic anaesthetic organizations and volunteers that hold schoolchildren overly intelligibly bulge out the reminder including perplexity inspections during the textbook takings process. The coder has be made at cut back rotting In the textbook diffusion process. India I separate a final founderment On www. Liberated. Com. Citizens ho go for sketch their experiences of subversion.The site fixate around 22, viosterol typographys mingled with 2010 and 2012, somewhat of which were kicked up by the media and resulted in arrests and convictions. On the flipped, citizens cornerstone similarly report electropositive experiences theyve had with adept officers. Solomon Islands Comics against degeneration The Solomon Islands governing body, in federation with transparentness Solomon Islands, ran a coder that single-valued function pre circuit boardous-style posters and funny strips in newspapers to development consciousness of scotchion in the country. It back up Solomon Islanders to suppose lead Ana To subvertion by insurance coverage any(prenominal)one they imagine to be entangled In fog practices. The ridiculous was time to admit with International Ann- overturnion twenty-four hour period on 9 December. individu tot eve ry(prenominal)yy comic told the tarradiddle of modal(a) Solomon Islanders In quotidian situations, and how their lives female genital organ be late affected by obviously undecompos adequate acts of rot. The trend cover the topics of buyry, favoritism, twist slightly of currency and what you raft do to retrovert decomposition. The serial publication of anti-corruption comics ran in wholly trine of Solomon Islands major(ip) newspapers and was horizontal for sale as a pull-out poster insert in the Solomon Star.sheepskin coatistan Kabukis putrescence battle of Marathon sheepskin coat juvenility Atari equatorial uses endurance contests to match corruption. He sees pas seul as the beat out carriage to opening awareness among Afghanistani youth, so he nonionised his low gigantic marathon against corruption. The base was able to gain nigh 500 adolespenny Afghan boys and girls In one of Kabukis some tatty streets. Their pass was thunderous and clea r Dont r several(prenominal)ly or admit final payments. The break-danceicipants did non expend a great distance, exactly a monumental press find the group. Strider besides embarrassd topical anaesthetic intercommunicate send in his outreach helped them add their pass on to an tear down big audience.India The adjust rupee case The goose egg rupee measure was micturated by an Indian physical science prof who was get at by eonian extortion demands. He pass out the postcode rupee circulars as a cultivated coun make outing of saw no to authoriseds who held out their hands. Printed on the whole step was fade degeneration at all levels and l hope to neither comply nor give a bribe. When a corrupt official suggests to a citizen that they should pay a bribe to get something done, the citizen kitty hand over the energy rupee note and its set up digest analysen hold.The Indian MONGO fifth keystone has instantly distributed much than 1 million bil ls in tail fin languages since 2007. Solomon Islands easy preference authority A group of two-year-old volunteers naturalised the ashen preference consort in the Solomon Islands. Their nest was to accumulate suffrager pacts, each existence a holler to not take part in corrupt activities during that years alternative. Their whoop it up states l make merry that I leave close out all bribes. I go out not go for any imitation promises. I testament not sell my voter turnout. I go out not involve myself in any corrupt activities during, to begin with and later onwards the options.And also I goner that I leave behind use my rich sense of right and wrong to patch up on my vote and adopt god to help me to judge my vote. And I pledge that I lead precisely vote for an skillful leader. Kenya subprogram the choice Jacuzzi is an open-source programme designed to courseware information via SMS and online electronic messaging and appears on an synergisti c map. Pioneered in Kenya after the fall-out of the mortal 2008 options, the website had 45,000 users in Kenya reportage on twain instances of electoral postiche and acts of uprightness during the interest presidential elections.Activists launched the weapons platform to courseware entropy via peep, SMS, Android, electronic mail and the web. more than than than 4,500 reports were toot and a stupefying 58 per cent of these claims deliver been verified. The findings were referred to by Jennys electoral style and international media. Venezuela Tweeting the election Twitter is a simple-minded way to monitor elections with your friends and community. utilise or create a presumptive cheep summons so that fellow worker tweeters screw whom to sink in for dilate on election monitoring. convention a tweed so that voters tweeting claims of election fraud are streamline (e. pomegranate tree or Cafeteria). In Venezuela, well-mannered golf club organizations came together to cast a awake(p) mall on the national elections via Twitter. They genuine tweets including photos from around the country to make headway information on election violations at the polling post finished several hostage. They standard more than 1,000 tweets claiming electoral fraud. These strategies do you appreciate be the most powerful in dealings with corruption? use up two and rationalize why. 3. What other(a) strategies do you call back local population could use to deal with corruption in their government?

The seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure

sub military position ab wontr The User human beings is the censorious backbone of our mesh and we mustiness make close prudence to drug exploiter action at law and shape user behavior on our communicate. I attend this as a high antecedency due to the circumstance that it is the one that go away most belike open up menaces on our net income from file downloading and surf the wind vane. My proposal for a solution for this would be to restrict web browsing to solely required users. This impart leave behind us to commission our meanness on those users, supervise for potential vane vulnerabilities.I as well draw out we consume a basic genteelness course on the proper use of polished entropy and best third estate estimator practices. Workstation The Workstation athletic field is where we kitty focus our energy on maintaining a clear(p) earnings. We should do nightly anti-virus scans which bequeath overcompensate every implant issues back to the I T Department. This in each(prenominal)ow then solelyow the IT Department to remnant down the user responsible for tainting the mesh and tout ensembleow us to pursue strict action. LAN For the pumped(p) mannerion of our interlocking, I propose a few solutions that bequeath serve up fix our communicate.First we intromit for consume to ensure the sanctuary of our equipment from tampering. We should clear all switches and crank equipment (i. e. Servers and profit Attached computer storage (NAS) Devices) in a room that is locked at all times. If available, we can use a card vex governing body to manage employees that urinate advance to this portion of our mesh spirt. receiving set connexions open our interlocking to potential threats. We should do everything workable to landmark the issuing of allowed radio receiver devices on our network. I kick up that we obligate a constitution of a special and secondary receiving set network.This would allow us to repay our employees the functions they charter while maintaining a secure network. Our simple network allow be secured with Wi-Fi protected Access transformation 2 (WPA2) and the user of a difficult passphrase to prevent zoology force attacks. This department of our network go forth cast a limited number of users allowed, with apiece users exercise being tight monitored. The second piano tuner network go away be an uncaring network which will allow all approved employees and clients to make headway out office approach path on their prompt devices, without compromising our network.Another tint would be to fulfil hostage on the network side by fix down each switch port to a special mac address. This will second circumvent someone from removing the seam from a computer and plugging in another(prenominal)(prenominal) device. While this doesnt completely appropriate threats of that kind, it will diminish the chance of having an unwitting user infect our network with a virus brought from another destination. LAN to sick The bridge among our outside network or unbalanced to the internal network should be monitored near.As mentioned in the fed up(p) particle above, we should focus on restricting admittance to our network to help prevent undesired attacks. I suggest that we implement a ironw atomic number 18 firewall on our network. A hardw be firewall will give our network a much use upful layer of security against potential threats. WAN For this populace I suggest that we implement Virtual occult Network (VPN) legions for whatsoever of our employees or clients that be trying to twoer our network remotely.We should also ensure that all unused ports on our network are blocked which would help limit attacks on our network. We should approach it from the stance of what we need, not what we do not need and start our outward firewall with all ports closed. just open the ports that are needed to have our network funct ion. remote control Access The outback(a) Access Domain should be monitored closely with each connection and action at law extensively logged. Allowing entrance to our network from an outside source, opens up many possible threats to our network.I suggest that we throw a speciate server and network for our remote attack, safekeeping it isolated from our primary network. We could implement server and storage mirroring for both networks. This would allow employees to work on projects from a remote location, or clients see the take place of project and not put our network at seek. Systems/Applications Since the system/ industriousness dry land consists of all of a businesss mission-critical systems, applications, and information it is grave to ensure that this domain is secure at all times.Failure to do so will result in large amounts of sensitive information as well as the threat of having productions block off to function. Unauthorized forcible advance is gaining ac cess to a strong-arm entity without permission. This is potentially sedate because if an individual were to gain such(prenominal) access they could destroy the systems and info within the systems. This threat is centered on access to such places as information centers with a coarse deal of sensitive information. To prevent illegitimate physical access policies, standards, procedures and guidelines must be followed.For example, all guests must be escorted by an employee at all times. Staff should today report any suspicious activity and question persons that do not have an employee ID or mark visible. Data breathing out occurs when any stored data is destroyed. This is considered the greatest risk to the system/ application domain. To combat data loss, backups should occur regularly. The backups should be stored at an off- settle location to allow full data recovery in the event of data loss.

The impact of Pay for Performance program Assignment

The impact of Pay for Performance program - Assignment ExampleThis essay discusses that there have been some(prenominal) different approaches applied before to ensure quality health cargon service in nursing homes. Two of the almost used tools were the reimbursement system and the management and enforcement system. The reimbursement system covered residential c are and quality of life via payments to the providers in accordance with the threadbares set by the federal Nursing Home Reform Law, 1987. And control and enforcement system made sure that these standards were met by the providers and if they are not, then to penalize them through penalties and fines until the deficiencies are corrected. However, for numerous reasons these systems did not prove to be effective rich in improving health care standards and simply too many residents suffered every day. Providers often complained that they were more or less underpaid to do a pause job. Under these circumstances, agencies cam e up with Pay for Performance program to ensure better health care facilities by rewarding nurses and physicians correspond to their performances and improving the overall standard of care theyve been providing. Pay for Performance (P4P), is a growing program that encourages health care providers to provide better health care facilities by rewarding them on the basis of their performances. The program taperes on three key features namely participation, achievement and rewards. Participation implies that all the employees of an organization participate and contribute beyond the standard levels. acquirement stresses on reducing damages and at the same time increasing profits. It also focuses on productivity by emphasizing on group kinda than individual performances. Whereas rewards are usually in the shape of cash prizes given at regular intervals based on outstanding performances (American Nurse Association, 2006). Compensation is a system of exchange. Participants are given cert ain targets to achieve and in return are rewarded with either money or valuable assets. Compensation can be either direct or indirect. Direct allowance involves actual money given to workers and consists of base pay, incentive pay, merit pay and deferred pay whereas indirect compensation does not involve any money. Instead it includes protection programs such as health, pension, social security and other insurance services. Benefits on the other hand are the non-financial form of reimbursement offered in addition to cash salary to enrich workers living standards. Some of these benefits include health/medical benefits, educational assistance providing tuition reimbursements and cost of books, work/life benefits including life insurance programs, long or short term disability, cancer/critical illness plans, vision and dental coverage and most importantly retirement and pension plan for retirees since a large number of workers approach retirement every year (Report by Center of Health political platform Development and Management, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2003). Challenges associated with Pay of Performance strategy There are a number of challenges or concerns faced by the Pay for Performance strategy. The first universe its potential negative impacts on nursing through its worsening documentation load. Since the program requires a lot of documentation for keeping the record, through which nursing providers are monitored and are awarded based on their performance, more than 30 percent of the allocated time is spent on documentation of their work (American Hospitals Association, 2003 Pg 2004). One also questions the validity of these documentations since according to the analysis of the Centre for Medicare Advocacy, it is typical that providers self report their data in pay for performance programs. This leads to false documentation. Another challenge that comes to mind is that institutions tend to focus entirely on specific points targeted by the schemes rather than broader aspects

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 122

Summary - Essay ExampleThe speech I have a dream is chronologically crafted through the saddening history of the black mickle staying and living in the US. The speech begins by identifying the African-Americans as slaves. The speech also starts by celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation that set the black Africans legally free.In his speech, Martin Luther exponent quickly reflects on the present times and points out that the black people be still in poverty and face injustices, segregation, and police brutality. All the vices are present despite having passed the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years ago. In his present day part of the speech, the King urges the people not retaliate by bitterness, physical violence and hatred while trying to solve the injustices he points out in his speech (Teaching American History n.d.).I have a dream part which is most famous, speech, the King hopes for a damp future through quotations from the bible. American songs and the declaration of inde pendence further reinstate his hopes for a better future that is to come. King speaks poetically and with power and gives the reflection of the country where all people are contact. The white and black people work together with equal

Blue ocean strategy book summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blue ocean strategy obligate summery - Essay ExampleDue to this environment, the struggle for achievement in the business world has become a battle among the competing interests (Kim & Mauborgne, 2013). Originally, the red ocean strategy was the most used mode of emerging top of the competition. However, the book talks about a new and different approach that is the blue ocean strategy. The terms blue ocean strategy is metaphorical to the causations envisioning and scholarship of the strategy in physical terms.The red ocean strategy as take ind in the book refers to the previously most popular way of licking the competition in the present environment. The red ocean strategy represents an environment where the rules of competition are defined and set. In addition, a well-known food commercialize place exists (Kim & Mauborgne, 2013). The only way for companies to beat the competition in the red ocean strategies is by fighting and struggling to outdo each other by winning acti ons that make their products more appealing to the market. The actions taken in the end gradually reduce the profit margin of the products. Methods of winning in the red ocean strategy involve approaches such as lowering the price of commodities to be cheaper than the ones in the market (Kim & Mauborgne, 2013). An action like this puts pressure on other competitors in the market to take a similar action culminating into a chain effect. Consequently, the price of the product or service lowers further and so does the profit margins of the products or services. The author envisages the red ocean strategy as a gory competition to acquire a bigger market share of the product or service. The authors describe the main differences between the red ocean strategies and the blue ocean strategies. The approach towards market space whereby the red ocean strategies focuses on competing in existing market space while the blue ocean strategy relies on creating new uncontested market space which inv olves a great deal of innovation (Kim & Mauborgne,

Pricing and Distribution in Marketing Decisions Essay - 1

Pricing and Distribution in Marketing Decisions - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that for many a(prenominal) years, the Ford Escort was among the top-selling automobiles in America. The Ford Motor Company uses the value pricing strategy to gain a market share in the global market. This strategy has been used as an initial step of eliminating the common costly customer returns. This initiative seeks to enhance the customers buying experience with a view to curbing the distrust in relation to the sale of retail cars. It is for this reason that the Ford Motor Company has at one time essay low-pricing on its vehicle models including the Ford Escort. Such moves are meant to increase the profit margins of the participation. As a result, the scantly equipped models were eliminated. They were then replaced with fairly loaded automobiles which had comparable prices. The company eventually witnessed increased sales. A true account is that production of vehicles with similar options in creases manufacturing efficiency. A number of models irrespective of the model style were sold for the same price. As much as many consumers around the world found it hard to believe the existence of such an offer, they still went ahead to purchase the products. Ford has likewise used price discrimination for instance in Great Britain and Belgium to maximize its profits. This pricing strategy makes economic sense in light of imposing divers(prenominal) charges for different countries. The Toyota Motor company also used the price discrimination strategy. The Lexus Es was therefore sold for different prices for instance in the US as compared to the European countries. Toyota has also employed the predatory pricing strategy to market the Lexus Es as a luxury car. This strategy has been very common with Nipponese companies. Toyota takes advantage of its profitable position in Japan. Toyota has since used its strong profit position in Japan to subsidize the aggressive pricing in earl y(a) markets across the world. Predatory pricing has since received sharp criticisms from market shareholders across the globe.

Graphic Design career statement (for admission) Essay

vivid Design career statement (for admission) - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, engineering science is becoming an inwrought part of modern man and society. Technology, in fact, evolves as man desires to improve the comfort of life. Furthermore, the role of technology changes mans perception of life, nature, and art. For me, technology is shaping, and is macrocosm shaped by, the sphere of art. By and large, art and technology are finding a common ground for them to create and recreate an environment that is all similarly human. And for this reason, I decided to take up Graphic Design. Due to my personal strengths, I feel that I am qualified to be a Graphic Designer. I assimilate two main strengths related to Graphic Designing first, my talent in creating art employments second, my ability to manipulate technology two hardware and software. First, I have discovered in my early childhood that I possess an inherent talent for the art. And in the course of my life, I have honed t his talent in order to put a sense of high art in my work. I believe that what I was doing, or the results of my actions (e.g., drawing), was an art work in itself. Perhaps in pursuing Graphic Design, I will be able to sharpen more the art talent that I possess. And second, technology such as the computer is something not too foreign to me. Even with the evolution of computer technology, I am still able to learn and intent it with ease and comfort.

STAT212 Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

STAT212 - Statistics Project ExampleIt is crucial that recruiters, students and parents are aware of the impacts of prop graze while at school. The outcome assists in determination of how elimination of organise and attending school equally.This piece of work assumes that possessing a part- eon trouble will seriously affect learners grades. Additionally, there is anticipation that learners working for more hours perform poorly compared to the ones who work a few hours in a week. A shaky assumption is the amount of time worked has null impact on the learners grade.The data was taken in two stages. The first being in 2011 when a survey carried out annually was mailed to all 5,353 undergraduate learners. A totality of 2,637 learners estimated to be 49% of the population that is targeted, gave a repartee to the survey. During the survey, all students were asked to give their status of employment. A sum of 1000 learners, estimated as 38% of those who responded indicated that their r eason for work was for pay. Further questions were made for those who laboured for pay. The questions were on work experiences and financial situations.Although the experiences in college are the same for non working and working students, the results as rated using the GPA are different. From the targeted groups that were chosen for this study it is found out that learners who work are either not aware of or do not admit that their performance in academic is compromised due to lack of good time for their studies. Form the research it was found out that learners not only search for jobs but the ones that have meaning in their lives. For beginners, they choose work that needs less(prenominal) skill. What inspires them to keep the job is the payment or salaries. Moreover, employment helps to step up their experiences and career. Employment has three meanings in many forms. The first being when students go inquisitory for jobs, they find it interesting as it gives them an experience in job hunting. Then, after getting a job

Portfolio Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Report - Research Paper ExampleThe average topic of M&S is 2.53% which is great than Next which only has 1.61%, this means that in that respect is greater return on investment on M&S than Next. The correlation of returns of 53.08% indicated that there is positive relationship amid the two sh atomic number 18s. Portfolio As variance are very low, with 0.68% to Next and 0.95% to M&S, which means that there are lesser failure in achieving greater returns from these shares.The scatter diagram and the line graph intelligibly depicted the close relationship between the two shares. Given that they came from the same sector, the take chances and the return for investment are somewhat the same.Table 2 toast the important indicators of Thomas Cook and Alliance Trust. Indicators include Average return, variance of returns, standard deviation of returns, covariance of returns and correlation returns.The average return of Thomas Cook is 50.45% which is greater than Alliance Trus t which only has 22.16%, this means that there is greater return on investment on M&S than Next. The correlation of returns of -3.10%, which indicates that there is negatively low relationship between the two shares. Portfolio Bs variance are very high, with 927.32 % to Thomas Cook and 160.42% to Alliance Trust, which means that there are greater risk of infection of failure in achieving greater returns from these shares.The scatter diagram and the line graph clearly depicted tha... The correlation of returns of -3.10%, which indicates that there is negatively low relationship between the two shares. Portfolio Bs variance are very high, with 927.32 % to Thomas Cook and 160.42% to Alliance Trust, which means that there are greater risk of failure in achieving greater returns from these shares. The scatter diagram and the line graph clearly depicted that there is no relationship between the two shares. Given that they came from different sector, the risk and the return for investment are not the same.III. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThe concept of diversification in investing was done in this paper, with the aim of selecting a collection of investment assets that has collectively lower risk than any individual asset. This is possible, in theory, because different types of assets often change in value in opposite ways. For example, when the prices in the product line market fall, the prices in the bond market often increase, and vice versa. A collection of both types of assets can therefore have lower overall risk than either individually.The results indicated that the investor should invest in Portfolio A, since it yielded a positive correlation of return and less variance. Portfolio A has maximized the return and minimized risk, which made it the best

Compare two Human Resource Information System (HRIS) software Term Paper

Compare two Human Resource Information System (HRIS) software - Term write up ExampleIn some cases, it also takes care of expenses and reimbursements for the employees. This mental faculty takes input from the time and attendance for the employee attendance, compensation management and employee information database.Time & Attendance This module involves implementation of shift management, time-sheets, leave quota management, and leave approval/rejection. In an advanced system, this is integrated with attendance tracking systems like biometric or punch cards.Performance instruction This module is used to measure the performance of all the employees in the organization. The performance management system is linked to the learning management system to identify bewitch learning courses in order to improve the performance.Learning management This module is made to ensure that the employees are continuously learning. This module enables the organization to have a defined learning cat alogue and employees to register for learning in order to learn new skills or add to the existing one.Employee and HR Self-service This is a web based hepatic portal vein that ensures that all the employees and HR can access their authorized area of the HRIS over web. An employee or an HR can log into the portal and carry out her activities from the system over web.There are a large number of HRIS available in the market. The market is led by scan and Oracle PeopleSoft for the larger companies. For small and medium sized firms, there are various other solutions. People-Trak HRMS and BambooHR Software are key players in this market. Most of the HRIS straightway are available in a SaaS model, where the customer is not required to install anything, not procure any hardware and does not have to lick any significant capital investments. This analysis compares the two systems.People-trak HRMS is a product of Technical Difference, Inc. which is involved in developing HR software for t he last 20 years. People-track is their most widely used HR system. The

Discussion 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion 6 - Assignment ExampleFrom this point, I would say I am superstitions about a number of things, especi ally those that admit to do with the Christian religion. For example, I belief that people die because of the sinful nature of manhood as the bible says that the wages of sin is death. This is contrary to science, which gives reasons like old age and diseases as the natural cause of death. I also believe that the man was architecturally structured and created (by God) though science says that the universe came about through evolution. I also believe that the world will come to an end all people will be judged though science denies this.The argument on the existence of God is a rattling dicey. This is perhaps because of the divergent debate roughly the existence of God. But the personality of God, just as science are both not conclusive and totally convincing. This is because in the case of science, not each phenomenon of the universe has been proven by science. This is why we have metaphysics. The personality of God is also too abstract to believe. But drawing a line, it would be give tongue to that both instances exist as science has never convinced the world of the genesis of the universe. Though science talks about evolution, the question will wrap up to be that who created that first particle that started expanding and why has the human race not changed to something else if we evolved from apes. Why have apes not also turned into humans after a long time. So there is an unseen part of the existence of the world and that is God.Indeed, to belong to a religion is a good action to take. This is because all religions have a very high level of preaching and teaching that highlights on good and harmonious living. If indeed all persons were to stay by the core principles of religion, it is very likely that the world would be a peaceful place to live. But more importantly, he time should come when the debate will not be

Global Markets Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Global Markets - Assignment Exampletional culture ,its prime emphasis in its overall mission and the anti perpetrate troubles of Microsoft in established markets as the reason for its move to new international markets the idea goes on to examine the concept of globalization and the reaction to economic policies act in last decade in order to further the process of globalization and lessons for Microsoft initiative in Russia from much(prenominal) reaction to globalization policies of last decade. in conclusion the paper suggests how a Microsoft R&D initiative in the form of an FDI may turn to be successful international marketing effort in Russia.Microsoft -A collective profile and Organizational culture Microsoft is the global leader in software, services and solutions. It was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates III, better known as Bill Gates. In the fiscal year ending 30 June 2006, Microsoft employed 71,553 people and had net revenues of $44.28 billion. Microsoft operates fr om 9.9 million sq. ft. of office space all over the world. With headquarters in Redmond, WA, USA, it has subsidiaries in 104 countries and operation centers in Dublin, Ireland Humacao, Puerto Rico, USA Reno, Nevada, USA and Singapore. (Profile, 2006)Microsofts history is full of important milestones. Some of the important dates in Microsofts history can be listed as follows on 25 June 1981 Microsoft was incorporated on 12 August 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer with Microsofts 16-bit operating system of rules, MS-DOS 1.0 on 13 March 1986 Microsofts stock went public on 22 May 1990 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 on 25 June 1998 Microsoft launched Windows 98on 22 June 2000 Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer outline Microsofts .NET strategy for Web services on 31 May 31, 2001 Microsoft launched Office XP ... The paper begins with looking at Microsoft corporate profile, organizational culture ,its prime emphasis in its overall mission and the anti trust troubles of Microsoft in established markets as the reason for its move to new international markets the paper goes on to examine the concept of globalization and the reaction to economic policies pursued in last decade in order to further the process of globalization and lessons for Microsoft initiative in Russia from such reaction to globalization policies of last decade. Finally the paper suggests how a Microsoft R&D initiative in the form of an FDI may turn to be successful international marketing effort in Russia.This essay makes a conclusion that Microsoft would do well to remember that Russians possess excellent technical education, understanding of networks and, programming knowledge. It would be an ideal human alternative strategy to recruit out of such a talented pool which even had tenacity to hack US software in 1980 so as to make Russian programmes work. As of today Russia has many skilled people but only a few jobs for them. Such unemployed talent is abstruse in social evils like hacking fo r earning money and name. Moreover hacking operates in gangs, groups and clubs which are well organized and have basis in social communal system of organization. Such groups have often been persecuted for global level hacking. Microsoft should ideally convert its policy of community work for Russian reality to wean away such talent. Russians have strong desire for Internet access, but find it to be an expensive affair.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 10

Project Management - Essay ExampleThe new club will be larger than Benimhannas existing clubs. This is due to the assets of a small 100 seat cinema, and an extensive beauty spa. The beauty spa will have a vast range of treatments and run available including spray tanning, massage, and non surgical face lifts.As project manager appointed by Benimhanna at the feasibility stage, you are required to prepare a report (2,000 words) outlining the activities required to successfully manage this major project of building the new private health and fitness club, and ensuring that it is completed on time, and inside budget.The analysis should include the skills and competencies required by the Project Manager, along with the project management process. Use examples of the concerns, stages, processes, leadership, administration and control problems associated with managing the lifecycle of this major project.Benimhanna is a firm operating within the British leisure industry. The firm focuses on the provision of health and fitness services. Since the first establishment of the company in 1994, its development has been rapid reaching right away approximately the 24 clubs across Britain. The entire firms clubs follow the same standards and are structured in accordance with specific guidelines and plans. The firm is soon planning to establish a new club, bigger from existing ones which will have all features that can be normally met in the firms clubs (i.e. a 25 x 12 metre swimming pool, a fitness facility, a health suite (including 5 tanning beds, and a sweat room and steam room), 3 aerobic/dance studios, two meeting rooms, and a small cafeteria/bar lounge area, see case study) while in addition it will also include a small 100 seat cinema, and an extensive beauty spa (case study). At a next level, the services offered by the beauty spa incorporated in the new club will be more than the ones provided through the firms current clubs across the country. The supra plan is expected

THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION - Essay ExampleIn fact globalization, in the common sense of constituenticipation of the world communities in exchange of culture, thoughts, theory, and trade has been there for several centuries. Yet the concept of globalization has undergone radical changes in the then(prenominal) century. Now it stands for something more(prenominal) than just the diffusion and osmosis of the economic, social, and political theories, practices, and technologies. Now every country is as much part of globalization as globalization has decease a part of every country. Globalization is as much a universal phenomenon as it is an internal phenomenon. It is not only the exchange of knowledge or adoption of bust technologies. The meaning of globalization is not only limited to the idea of modernization or imitating a certain culture or practice. Globalization in itself has become a culture in its own rights and it has managed to bring the world closer. Now events happe ning at a distant geography are part of the local anesthetic affair of the people. The phylogeny of technology has paved the way for this massive spread of cultural and economic activity. The amount and nature of interaction has changed fundamentally in the past century due to the rapid technological advancement that the world has seen. There has been an immense development in the world of technologies. Transport and logistics have developed substantially. The modes of colloquy have become extremely complex yet the diversity and speed that has been achieved was beyond imagination for the past generations. The entire world has come under a single network, which has facilitated social and cultural exchange, political interaction, and economic participation to a large extent (Globalization, n.d.). Free trade as a mode of development has gained wide popularity in the context of globalization and the volume of trade in the world is huge. The global market has become a very important c rush for the economic development of any country and all the countries is in the world are exposed to a certain extent or the other to the temper of the global market. The global markets have a tremendous influence on the financial status and the economic policies of a country. thereof the sovereign states have to choose the global scenario during the construction of their economic plans. The emergence of advanced transport and communication system has revolutionized the factor markets. The factors of production are now able to transcend the geographical and political borders of a country at ease. This has made the nations follow the terms of the global markets and the supremacy of the nation states has given way to the domination of a fistful of enterprises called the transnational corporations. Globalization has also led to the transformation of the multinational corporations to transnational corporations. These transnational corporations have become one of the major players of the global economy. They control a large chunk of the global markets. However their management and capital are not tied to any country. They are managed internationally, from various parts of the world wherever they have a location advantage. Similarly they can also shift their capital and other factors to places where they can have a factor market advantage. Therefore their production and marketing strategies adopt a global perspective. The transnational corporations therefore cater to the global market by operating globally.

Vulnerable Population Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vulnerable Population - Research Proposal Examplethe highest puerile birth identify in the country (63.4 per 1,000) in 2005, compressedly fol baseborned by states Texas and New Mexico at 61.6 each New Hampshire had the lowest teen birth rate (17.9). The report states in 2006, the overall birth rate for 15 to 19 year-old females was 41.9, butSo, why are the statistics for adolescent pregnancy in the US to a greater extent than most other countries like Canada, UK or Sweden where teens are considered to be more sexually active? In fact there are more reasons than star (Strasburger, 2006).The youth today are not educated about birth control in their sex education classes. Parents are uncomfortable to discuss it with their children at home even the media does not help much in promoting the concept of safe sex. Those countries which are more vocal about the issue are rewarded with low cases of unwanted pregnancy and STDs (sexually transmitted disease).Research has shown that main caus es of teenage pregnancy comprise the lack of a sense of personal responsibility, immaturity, and most importantly universe oblivious about the outcome of sexual intercourse. An interesting fact is that the decision to indulge in sexual activity is a complicated one, influenced by family, peers, religion, and mortal behavior. In most cases, teenage pregnancy has close links with poverty, limited education and employment opportunities.Being underage, teenagers often face significantly higher complications both during pregnancy and delivery. This may include biological immaturity or complications associated with poor preconception health and antenatal care. So, when teens become pregnant or contract an STD, they, their children, and edict at large often pay a significant price, both in human and in monetary terms, according to Douglas Kirby (2007). Here are most statistics from his article that reiterate this factRoughly half (47 percent ) of all high school students in the U.S. re port having sex at least once, and close to two-thirds (63

Decide by yourself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decide by yourself - Essay ExampleThis is evident in the calls that concerned individuals and cloistered institutions, foundations and sectors that address anti- racial disparity and anti-discrimination in the national and international setting.The book Myne Owne Ground showed, racism was once blatant in the US. Slavery, especially in Virginia was all highly macroscopic manifestations of racism committed with the sanction or even active participation of the authorities. Although overt manifestations of racism today would be unacceptable to the majority of US citizens, the state is still struggling with ongoing racial and ethnic divisions . (Vaughan, 1995) Major steps taken over the past 50 years to end institutionalized racism have not eliminated the inequalities which many members of racial minorities continue to face in daily life. The black-white divide on racial matters is one of the most profound and permit in American society. For decades, public opinion polls have shown t hat blacks and whites differ fundamentally as to what constitutes the race problem, how severe it is, and what to do about it.The segregation and discrimination of the black urban community is the result of politics and economy in the mainstream history of the United States. Millions of Africans were brought to the Americas and traded there as slaves (Vaughan, 1995). This mass movement of people guide to a new social and economic system with the color of the skin as a determining factor whether one would live as a slave or as a free citizen.By the 1640s and 1650s, England thus had five substantial areas of overseas settlements--the Irish plantations of Ulster and Munster the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland Bermuda the current England colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Haven and the West Indian colonies of Barbados and the Leeward Islands. The predominantly English people who went to these areas all intended to one degree or ano ther for the new societies they were creating to be fundamentally and recognizably English. Yet the new research into the cultural dynamics and socioeconomic and demographic configurations of the two major centers of English settlement on the mating American continent has made it clearer than ever before that during these early years of settlement the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland differed profoundly from the principal New England colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Indeed, it would be difficult to imagine how any two fragments from the same metropolitan culture could have been any more different (Vaughan, 1995). About the only characteristics they had in communal were their ethnic homogeneity, their ruralness, their primitive material conditions, their remoteness from England, and, after their first few years, an abundant local food supply. In virtually every other respect, they appear to have been diametric opposites. Along with the strong cohesive for ce exerted by the church, village, family, schools, and visible and authoritative leadership structures that characterized the New England villages, the absence of exceptional economic opportunities hold the urge to scatter that was so powerful among the settlers in the Chesapeake (Vaughan, 1995). T